{
  "schema_version": 1,
  "kind": "drug_profile",
  "generic": "adrenaline",
  "review_status": "reviewed",
  "origin": "openfda",
  "sections": {
    "adult": [
      {
        "text": "Anaphylaxis ( 2.3 ) : Administer intramuscularly or subcutaneously into anterolateral thigh every 5-10 minutes as needed Adults and children over 30 kg (66 lbs): 0.3-0.5 mg (0.3-0.5 mL) Children under 30 kg (66 lbs): 0.01 mg/kg (0.01 mL/kg) 2.1 General Considerations Inspect visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit.",
        "source": "US FDA label for epinephrine (Epinephrine), section 'dosage and administration', retrieved 2026-08-29",
        "cached_file": "labels/adrenaline.json",
        "verbatim": true
      },
      {
        "text": "The dosage may be adjusted periodically, such as every 10 to 15 minutes, in increments of 0.05 mcg/kg/min to 0.2 mcg/kg/min, to achieve the desired blood pressure goal.",
        "source": "US FDA label for epinephrine (Epinephrine), section 'dosage and administration', retrieved 2026-08-29",
        "cached_file": "labels/adrenaline.json",
        "verbatim": true
      },
      {
        "text": "Adults and Children 30 kg (66 lbs) or more : 0.3 to 0.5 mg (0.3 mL to 0.5 mL) of undiluted epinephrine administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously in the anterolateral aspect of the thigh, up to a maximum of 0.5 mg (0.5 mL) per injection, repeated every 5 to 10 minutes as necessary.",
        "source": "US FDA label for epinephrine (Epinephrine), section 'dosage and administration', retrieved 2026-08-29",
        "cached_file": "labels/adrenaline.json",
        "verbatim": true
      }
    ],
    "child": [
      {
        "text": "Safety and effectiveness of epinephrine in pediatric patients with septic shock have not been established. Clinical use data support weight-based dosing for treatment of anaphylaxis in pediatric patients, and other reported clinical experience with the use of epinephrine suggests that the adverse reactions seen in children are similar in nature and extent to those both expected and reported in adults.",
        "source": "US FDA label for epinephrine (Epinephrine), section 'pediatric use', retrieved 2026-08-29",
        "cached_file": "labels/adrenaline.json",
        "verbatim": true
      },
      {
        "text": "Hypotension associated with septic shock ( 2.2 ) : Dilute epinephrine in dextrose solution prior to infusion. Infuse epinephrine into a large vein. Titrate 0.05 mcg/kg/min to 2 mcg/kg/min to achieve desired blood pressure. Wean gradually.",
        "source": "US FDA label for epinephrine (Epinephrine), section 'dosage and administration', retrieved 2026-08-29",
        "cached_file": "labels/adrenaline.json",
        "verbatim": true
      },
      {
        "text": "Anaphylaxis Inject epinephrine intramuscularly or subcutaneously into the anterolateral aspect of the thigh, through clothing if necessary. When administering to a child, to minimize the risk of injection related injury, hold the leg firmly in place and limit movement prior to and during an injection. The injection may be repeated every 5 to 10 minutes as necessary.",
        "source": "US FDA label for epinephrine (Epinephrine), section 'dosage and administration', retrieved 2026-08-29",
        "cached_file": "labels/adrenaline.json",
        "verbatim": true
      }
    ],
    "renal": [
      {
        "text": "Treatment of pulmonary edema consists of a rapidly acting alpha-adrenergic blocking drug (such as phentolamine mesylate) and respiratory support. 5.5 Renal Impairment Intravenously administered epinephrine initially may produce constriction of renal blood vessels and decrease urine formation.",
        "source": "US FDA label for epinephrine (Epinephrine), section 'warnings and cautions', retrieved 2026-08-29",
        "cached_file": "labels/adrenaline.json",
        "verbatim": true
      }
    ],
    "hepatic": [
      {
        "text": "No liver-impairment dose in this label. Not a statement that none is needed.",
        "source": "Read and found silent: the US FDA label for epinephrine (Epinephrine), retrieved 2026-08-29",
        "cached_file": "labels/adrenaline.json",
        "verbatim": false
      }
    ],
    "pregnancy": [
      {
        "text": "Risk Summary Prolonged experience with epinephrine use in pregnant women over several decades, based on published literature, does not identify a drug-associated risk of major birth defects, miscarriage, or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes.",
        "source": "US FDA label for epinephrine (Epinephrine), section 'pregnancy', retrieved 2026-08-29",
        "cached_file": "labels/adrenaline.json",
        "verbatim": true
      },
      {
        "text": "However, there are risks to the mother and fetus associated with epinephrine use during labor or delivery (see Clinical Considerations ).",
        "source": "US FDA label for epinephrine (Epinephrine), section 'pregnancy', retrieved 2026-08-29",
        "cached_file": "labels/adrenaline.json",
        "verbatim": true
      },
      {
        "text": "In animal reproduction studies, epinephrine administered by the subcutaneous route to pregnant rabbits, mice, and hamsters, during the period of organogenesis, resulted in adverse developmental effects (including gastroschisis, embryonic lethality, and delayed skeletal ossification) at doses approximately 2 times the maximum recommended daily intramuscular, subcutaneous, or intravenous dose (see Data ).",
        "source": "US FDA label for epinephrine (Epinephrine), section 'pregnancy', retrieved 2026-08-29",
        "cached_file": "labels/adrenaline.json",
        "verbatim": true
      }
    ],
    "lactation": [
      {
        "text": "In an embryofetal development study with pregnant hamsters dosed during the period of organogenesis from gestation days 7 to 10, epinephrine produced reductions in litter size and delayed skeletal ossification at doses approximately 2 times the maximum recommended intramuscular, subcutaneous, or intravenous dose (on a mg/m 2 basis at a maternal subcutaneous dose of 0.5 mg/kg/day).",
        "source": "US FDA label for epinephrine (Epinephrine), section 'use in specific populations', retrieved 2026-08-29",
        "cached_file": "labels/adrenaline.json",
        "verbatim": true
      },
      {
        "text": "However, due to its poor oral bioavailability and short half-life, epinephrine exposure is expected to be very low in the breastfed infant.",
        "source": "US FDA label for epinephrine (Epinephrine), section 'use in specific populations', retrieved 2026-08-29",
        "cached_file": "labels/adrenaline.json",
        "verbatim": true
      }
    ]
  }
}