{
  "schema_version": 1,
  "kind": "condition",
  "id": "recurrent-acute-otitis-media",
  "name": "Recurrent acute otitis media (grommet referral)",
  "category": "infectious",
  "sources": "Acute Otitis Media - StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf NBK470332) - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470332/ · Otitis Media With Effusion - StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf NBK538293) - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538293/ · Recurrent acute otitis media - disease-level clinical article (recurrent-acute-otitis-media-full.txt) · Recurrent acute otitis media - disease-level clinical article (recurrent-acute-otitis-media-clinical.txt) · Egyptian National Drug Formulary - Antimicrobial 2023 (amoxicillin monograph) · Egyptian National Drug Formulary - Antimicrobial 2023 (amoxicillin and clavulanate monograph) · MSF Essential Drugs 2024 - paracetamol (oral) · Egyptian National Drug Formulary - Antimicrobial 2023 (amoxicillin monograph). The formulary caps amoxicillin at 500 mg per dose for most indications; at the twice-daily schedule this regimen uses, that is 1,000 mg in a day, which is the ceiling applied to the weight table. · Egyptian National Drug Formulary - Antimicrobial 2023 (amoxicillin and clavulanate monograph) for the amounts. The card's own article puts the same regimen at 90 mg/kg/day of the amoxicillin component with 6.4 mg/kg/day of clavulanate, in 2 divided doses, for a child whose symptoms have not improved on high-dose amoxicillin. · MSF Essential Drugs 2024 - paracetamol (oral): adult 1 g 3 or 4 times daily, maximum 4 g daily; child 1 month and over 15 mg/kg 3 or 4 times daily, maximum 60 mg/kg daily; child under 1 month 10 mg/kg 3 or 4 times daily, maximum 40 mg/kg daily. The 500 mg per-dose ceiling is MSF's own top paediatric band, one 500 mg tablet three times daily from 30 to under 50 kg.",
  "review_status": "reviewed",
  "verified_against": "Acute Otitis Media - StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf NBK470332) - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470332/ · Otitis Media With Effusion - StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf NBK538293) - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538293/ · Recurrent acute otitis media - disease-level clinical article (recurrent-acute-otitis-media-full.txt) · Recurrent acute otitis media - disease-level clinical article (recurrent-acute-otitis-media-clinical.txt) · Egyptian National Drug Formulary - Antimicrobial 2023 (amoxicillin monograph) · Egyptian National Drug Formulary - Antimicrobial 2023 (amoxicillin and clavulanate monograph) · MSF Essential Drugs 2024 - paracetamol (oral) · Egyptian National Drug Formulary - Antimicrobial 2023 (amoxicillin monograph). The formulary caps amoxicillin at 500 mg per dose for most indications; at the twice-daily schedule this regimen uses, that is 1,000 mg in a day, which is the ceiling applied to the weight table. · Egyptian National Drug Formulary - Antimicrobial 2023 (amoxicillin and clavulanate monograph) for the amounts. The card's own article puts the same regimen at 90 mg/kg/day of the amoxicillin component with 6.4 mg/kg/day of clavulanate, in 2 divided doses, for a child whose symptoms have not improved on high-dose amoxicillin. · MSF Essential Drugs 2024 - paracetamol (oral): adult 1 g 3 or 4 times daily, maximum 4 g daily; child 1 month and over 15 mg/kg 3 or 4 times daily, maximum 60 mg/kg daily; child under 1 month 10 mg/kg 3 or 4 times daily, maximum 40 mg/kg daily. The 500 mg per-dose ceiling is MSF's own top paediatric band, one 500 mg tablet three times daily from 30 to under 50 kg.",
  "verified_date": "2026-08",
  "treatments": [
    {
      "id": 1584,
      "generic": "Amoxicillin",
      "line": 1,
      "is_adjunct": false,
      "form": "oral.solid",
      "strength_mg": 500.0,
      "adult_dose": "500 mg three times daily",
      "adult_duration": "10 days, which is the course the article gives for acute otitis media in adults and children alike",
      "dose_source": "Egyptian National Drug Formulary - Antimicrobial 2023 (amoxicillin monograph). The formulary caps amoxicillin at 500 mg per dose for most indications; at the twice-daily schedule this regimen uses, that is 1,000 mg in a day, which is the ceiling applied to the weight table.",
      "rationale": "The article makes high-dose oral amoxicillin the antibiotic of choice for a bacterial episode in anyone not allergic to penicillin, on the grounds of the concentration it reaches in the middle ear. Recurrence is not a reason to escalate the agent - each episode is treated as an episode, while the recurrence itself is what earns the surgical referral. The dose here is the same one the acute otitis media card carries, so the two cards cannot drift into two answers.",
      "cautions": [
        "Avoid in penicillin allergy. The article's alternatives there are a single 10 mg/kg dose of azithromycin, clarithromycin 15 mg/kg/day in 2 divided doses, cefdinir 14 mg/kg/day, cefpodoxime 10 mg/kg once daily or cefuroxime 30 mg/kg/day in 2 divided doses.",
        "PROPHYLACTIC ANTIBIOTICS ARE NO LONGER ADVISED for recurrent acute otitis media. The article says so directly, and sends the child for assessment for tympanostomy tubes instead - so a long low-dose course is the thing not to start here.",
        "Reassess at 48 to 72 hours if a child is not responding, which is the article's own interval for reconsidering treatment.",
        "Where the eardrum has perforated, the article treats with an ototopical antibiotic safe for middle ear use, such as ofloxacin drops, rather than a systemic antibiotic, because the drops reach far higher concentrations locally. The same applies to a child with functioning grommets who gets an episode, and to uncomplicated discharge from a grommet, for which it prescribes ear drops alone.",
        "Reduce the dose in severe renal impairment, and expect a rash if amoxicillin is given during glandular fever."
      ],
      "peds_mgkg_low": 40.0,
      "peds_mgkg_high": 90.0,
      "peds_max_mg": 1000.0,
      "peds_basis": "day",
      "peds_unit": "mg",
      "peds_note": "Divided twice or three times daily; use the high end, 80 to 90 mg/kg/day, where pneumococcal resistance is likely, which is the usual assumption in a child who keeps relapsing. The 1,000 mg per day ceiling is the formulary's 500 mg per-dose limit at the twice-daily schedule.",
      "peds_min_weight_kg": null,
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      "peds_age_min_months": null,
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          "weight_kg": 10,
          "low_mg": 400,
          "high_mg": 900,
          "capped": false
        },
        {
          "weight_kg": 20,
          "low_mg": 800,
          "high_mg": 1000,
          "capped": true
        },
        {
          "weight_kg": 30,
          "low_mg": 1000,
          "high_mg": 1000,
          "capped": true
        },
        {
          "weight_kg": 40,
          "low_mg": 1000,
          "high_mg": 1000,
          "capped": true
        }
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          "trade_name": "HICILLIN 125MG/5ML SUSP. 80ML",
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          "trade_name": "AMOXIL FORT 250MG/5ML SUSP. 60ML",
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      ],
      "condition_id": "recurrent-acute-otitis-media"
    },
    {
      "id": 1587,
      "generic": "Referral & safety-netting (no drug therapy)",
      "line": 1,
      "is_adjunct": false,
      "form": null,
      "strength_mg": null,
      "adult_dose": "Count the episodes: three in six months, or four or more in twelve, is the AAP threshold for an ENT referral to consider grommets. Treat each episode from the acute otitis media entry and reassess at 48 to 72 hours if it has not answered. Do not put the child on months of prophylactic antibiotics - that is no longer advised. Time the referral to the pattern, because a grommet must not be inserted in an ear with no effusion on the day of assessment. Check hearing and speech, not just the drum. Send back sooner for unsettling fever, worsening pain, changed hearing or behaviour, or swelling behind the ear.",
      "adult_duration": null,
      "dose_source": "Acute Otitis Media - StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf NBK470332) - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470332/",
      "rationale": "Counting the episodes is what turns repeated earache into an ENT referral. A single episode is treated on the acute-otitis-media entry; what belongs here is the threshold for grommets, the fact that long-term antibiotics are no longer the answer, and the modifiable risks worth naming to the family in the meantime.",
      "cautions": [
        "THE COUNT THAT TRIGGERS THE REFERRAL - by the AAP guidelines, a child who has had 3 episodes of acute otitis media within 6 months, or 4 or more within 12 months, should be considered for myringotomy and grommet insertion (tympanostomy).",
        "DO NOT PUT THE CHILD ON MONTHS OF ANTIBIOTICS INSTEAD - prophylactic antibiotics are NO LONGER advised for a child with recurrent acute otitis media; assess for grommets instead.",
        "AND THE EAR HAS TO BE WET ON THE DAY THE ENT SURGEON LOOKS - a grommet must NOT be inserted in a child with recurrent acute otitis media who has no middle ear effusion in either ear when they are assessed for it. An ear that is dry at the appointment can lose the child the operation, so time the referral to the pattern of episodes.",
        "WHY THE TUBE HELPS - repeated infections needing antibiotics are, clinically, evidence that the Eustachian tube is not working. A grommet ventilates the middle ear space, brings hearing back to normal, and heads off delay in speech. And a child with a grommet in place who catches another infection can be treated with antibiotic ear drops instead of another course by mouth.",
        "COUNT PROPERLY, BECAUSE THE NUMBER PREDICTS THE COURSE - a child who has had fewer than 3 episodes is about 3 times likelier to get better on a single course of antibiotic.",
        "RECHECK AT 48 TO 72 HOURS DURING AN EPISODE - a paediatric infection that has not answered the first antibiotic inside 48 to 72 hours is reassessed, with a view to changing the treatment. And where antibiotics are held back in favour of watchful waiting, agree a fallback plan for starting them.",
        "THE MODIFIABLE RISKS WORTH NAMING TO THE FAMILY - keeping up with the pneumococcal and influenza vaccines cuts down the upper respiratory infections that so often come before an episode. Carers should also keep the child away from tobacco smoke, second-hand and third-hand alike, which irritates the airway and raises the risk of infection. And breastfeeding, where it is possible, goes with less otitis media, because protective immunoglobulins pass to the child.",
        "THE RISKS THAT CANNOT BE CHANGED, BUT EXPLAIN THE PATTERN - no breastfeeding, or not for long. Exposures in the environment - passive smoking, and being in daycare. A lower socioeconomic position. Recurrent acute otitis media in the family, in a parent or a sibling. And an abnormality of the skull or the palate that stops the Eustachian tube working - a cleft palate, or a tensor veli palatini that does not function.",
        "AND ONE RISK IS AGE, WHICH THE CHILD GROWS OUT OF - the peak falls at 6 to 12 months of age, and the rate drops away after 5 years, as the angle of the Eustachian tube changes.",
        "FLUID BETWEEN EPISODES IS A DIFFERENT PROBLEM WITH THE SAME TREATMENT - a persistent effusion shows on otoscopy as thick amber fluid behind a retracted drum. Both conditions reduce the drum's mobility on tympanometry or pneumatic otoscopy and both cost hearing, which is exactly why one gets mistaken for the other and managed wrongly.",
        "STEROIDS AND ANTIHISTAMINES ARE NOT THE ANSWER TO EITHER - neither a systemic steroid nor an antihistamine has been shown to help meaningfully.",
        "CHECK THE HEARING AND THE SPEECH, NOT JUST THE DRUM - a referral for speech and language may be needed where delay persists, and particularly after grommets have gone in. Repeated infections in the first years cost a child hearing at the age they are learning to talk.",
        "WHEN TO SEND THE CHILD BACK SOONER - fever that will not settle, ear pain getting worse, or any change in hearing or in behaviour, all warrant review. Add to that a swelling or redness behind the ear, which is mastoiditis until proven otherwise."
      ],
      "peds_mgkg_low": null,
      "peds_mgkg_high": null,
      "peds_max_mg": null,
      "peds_basis": null,
      "peds_unit": null,
      "peds_note": null,
      "peds_min_weight_kg": null,
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      "condition_id": "recurrent-acute-otitis-media"
    },
    {
      "id": 1585,
      "generic": "Amoxicillin + Clavulanic acid",
      "line": 2,
      "is_adjunct": false,
      "form": "oral.solid",
      "strength_mg": 1000.0,
      "adult_dose": "875 mg twice daily, or 500 mg every 8 hours",
      "adult_duration": "10 days",
      "dose_source": "Egyptian National Drug Formulary - Antimicrobial 2023 (amoxicillin and clavulanate monograph) for the amounts. The card's own article puts the same regimen at 90 mg/kg/day of the amoxicillin component with 6.4 mg/kg/day of clavulanate, in 2 divided doses, for a child whose symptoms have not improved on high-dose amoxicillin.",
      "rationale": "Beta-lactamase-producing Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis are what defeat plain amoxicillin, and they are commoner in a child who has already had several courses. The article's step after high-dose amoxicillin fails is high-dose amoxicillin-clavulanate, and the dose here is the one the acute otitis media card already carries.",
      "cautions": [
        "Avoid in penicillin allergy, and avoid entirely if there has been previous cholestatic jaundice with this combination.",
        "Diarrhoea is commoner than with amoxicillin alone, and at 90 mg/kg/day it is the usual reason a course is abandoned.",
        "Check the ratio on the bottle before writing the dose. This is the one place a paediatric otitis prescription goes wrong.",
        "For a child who cannot keep an oral antibiotic down, the article's alternative is ceftriaxone 50 mg/kg/day intravenously or intramuscularly for 3 consecutive days.",
        "The article records that systemic steroids and antihistamines have not been shown to help acute otitis media."
      ],
      "peds_mgkg_low": 80.0,
      "peds_mgkg_high": 90.0,
      "peds_max_mg": 4000.0,
      "peds_basis": "day",
      "peds_unit": "mg",
      "peds_note": "Of the amoxicillin component, divided twice daily. Use a 14:1 formulation such as AUGMENTIN ES-600 or a 642.9 mg/5 mL suspension, so that clavulanate stays under 10 mg/kg/day at this amoxicillin dose; a 7:1 product at the same amoxicillin dose delivers far too much clavulanate. The article's figure for the clavulanate component at this regimen is 6.4 mg/kg/day.",
      "peds_min_weight_kg": null,
      "peds_max_weight_kg": null,
      "peds_age_min_months": null,
      "peds_age_max_months": null,
      "peds_age_bands": null,
      "peds_doses": [
        {
          "weight_kg": 10,
          "low_mg": 800,
          "high_mg": 900,
          "capped": false
        },
        {
          "weight_kg": 20,
          "low_mg": 1600,
          "high_mg": 1800,
          "capped": false
        },
        {
          "weight_kg": 30,
          "low_mg": 2400,
          "high_mg": 2700,
          "capped": false
        },
        {
          "weight_kg": 40,
          "low_mg": 3200,
          "high_mg": 3600,
          "capped": false
        }
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        {
          "trade_name": "MEGACLAVOX 156MG/5ML PD. FOR SUSP. 60 ML",
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      "condition_id": "recurrent-acute-otitis-media"
    },
    {
      "id": 1586,
      "generic": "Paracetamol",
      "line": 1,
      "is_adjunct": true,
      "form": "oral.solid",
      "strength_mg": 500.0,
      "adult_dose": "1 g three or four times daily, maximum 4 g in 24 hours",
      "adult_duration": "Through the painful days of each episode, including at bedtime",
      "dose_source": "MSF Essential Drugs 2024 - paracetamol (oral): adult 1 g 3 or 4 times daily, maximum 4 g daily; child 1 month and over 15 mg/kg 3 or 4 times daily, maximum 60 mg/kg daily; child under 1 month 10 mg/kg 3 or 4 times daily, maximum 40 mg/kg daily. The 500 mg per-dose ceiling is MSF's own top paediatric band, one 500 mg tablet three times daily from 30 to under 50 kg.",
      "rationale": "The article makes controlling the pain one of the two goals of treating an episode, and names acetaminophen, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or topical 1% lidocaine, used alone or together, for it. In a child having their fourth episode in a year the pain and the broken nights are what the family came about.",
      "cautions": [
        "Give it at bedtime as well - the disturbed sleep is usually what brings the family back.",
        "Check every other product the child is taking for paracetamol; cold and flu sachets are the usual route to an accidental overdose.",
        "Reduce the maximum in liver disease.",
        "Three episodes in 6 months, or four or more in 12 months, is the article's threshold for assessing a child for grommets - and it adds that tubes are not inserted if there is no middle ear effusion in either ear at the time of that assessment, while bilateral tubes are placed where effusion is present.",
        "Recurrent episodes are evidence of Eustachian tube dysfunction, and the article's reason for tubes is ventilation of the middle ear, return of normal hearing and prevention of speech delay. Hearing or speech concerns need audiology, not another antibiotic."
      ],
      "peds_mgkg_low": 15.0,
      "peds_mgkg_high": 15.0,
      "peds_max_mg": 500.0,
      "peds_basis": "dose",
      "peds_unit": "mg",
      "peds_note": "15 mg/kg per dose three or four times daily from 1 month of age, maximum 60 mg/kg per day. Under 1 month, 10 mg/kg per dose three or four times daily, maximum 40 mg/kg per day. In severe acute malnutrition MSF reduces it to 10 mg/kg up to three times in 24 hours.",
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      "peds_age_max_months": null,
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        },
        {
          "weight_kg": 20,
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          "high_mg": 300,
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        },
        {
          "weight_kg": 30,
          "low_mg": 450,
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        },
        {
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          "high_mg": 500,
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        }
      ],
      "brands": [
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          "pack_count": 20,
          "unit_price": 0.17,
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          "exact_strength": true,
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        },
        {
          "trade_name": "CETAMOL 500 MG 20 TABS.",
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        },
        {
          "trade_name": "PARACETAMOL-MUP 500MG B.P. 20 TABS.",
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          "pack_count": 20,
          "unit_price": 0.65,
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        },
        {
          "trade_name": "CETAL 500 MG 20 TABS.",
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          "manufacturer": "EIPICO",
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          "pack_count": 20,
          "unit_price": 1.2,
          "strength_mg": 500.0,
          "exact_strength": true,
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        {
          "trade_name": "ARKADOLOW 500 MG 30 F.C. TABS.",
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          "trade_name": "PARAMOL 500MG 20 TAB.",
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          "unit_price": 1.9,
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          "exact_strength": true,
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        {
          "trade_name": "ADOL 500MG 24 CAPLETS",
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        },
        {
          "trade_name": "AUGICETAMIDE 500 MG 20 SACHETS",
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          "manufacturer": "AUG PHARMA",
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          "pack_count": null,
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          "exact_strength": true,
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        },
        {
          "trade_name": "FEBRIMOL ORAL DROPS 20 ML",
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        {
          "trade_name": "THERA-LO 3.2G/100ML ORAL SUSP. 100 ML",
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          "exact_strength": false,
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        }
      ],
      "condition_id": "recurrent-acute-otitis-media"
    }
  ]
}