{ "schema_version": 1, "kind": "condition", "id": "epilepsy", "name": "Epilepsy (continuing therapy)", "category": "chronic", "sources": "Egyptian National Drug Formulary - Nervous System Disorders 2025, carbamazepine monograph (chapter PDF p27) · Egyptian National Drug Formulary - Nervous System Disorders 2025, lamotrigine monograph (chapter PDF p40) · Egyptian National Drug Formulary - Nervous System Disorders 2025, levetiracetam monograph (chapter PDF p63) · Egyptian National Drug Formulary - Nervous System Disorders 2025, valproic acid monograph (chapter PDF p83) · Lovik K, Murr NI. Seizure. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; last update February 7, 2023.", "review_status": "reviewed", "verified_against": "Egyptian National Drug Formulary - Nervous System Disorders 2025, carbamazepine monograph (chapter PDF p27) · Egyptian National Drug Formulary - Nervous System Disorders 2025, lamotrigine monograph (chapter PDF p40) · Egyptian National Drug Formulary - Nervous System Disorders 2025, levetiracetam monograph (chapter PDF p63) · Egyptian National Drug Formulary - Nervous System Disorders 2025, valproic acid monograph (chapter PDF p83) · Lovik K, Murr NI. Seizure. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; last update February 7, 2023.", "verified_date": "2026-08", "treatments": [ { "id": 690, "generic": "Levetiracetam", "line": 1, "is_adjunct": false, "form": "oral.solid", "strength_mg": 500.0, "adult_dose": "16 years and older: 250-500 mg twice daily, increased by 250-500 mg twice daily at 2-week intervals to a recommended 1500 mg twice daily", "adult_duration": "Long term, specialist-directed", "dose_source": "Egyptian National Drug Formulary - Nervous System Disorders 2025, levetiracetam monograph (chapter PDF p63)", "rationale": "Broad spectrum, few interactions, and the option of first choice in a woman who might become pregnant. The formulary gives it as monotherapy for partial-onset seizures from one month of age.", "cautions": [ "Diagnosis and the choice of drug are the neurologist's. This entry is for continuing therapy already started, and for the questions that arise between visits.", "Never stop an antiepileptic abruptly - withdrawal can precipitate status epilepticus.", "Behavioural change, irritability and low mood are the common reason it is stopped; ask about them." ], "peds_mgkg_low": null, "peds_mgkg_high": null, "peds_max_mg": null, "peds_basis": null, "peds_unit": null, "peds_note": "Age-banded, so no weight card is drawn - the bands differ and a single mg/kg figure would contradict them. The formulary doses PER DOSE, twice daily. 4 to 16 years: 10 mg/kg twice daily, increased every 2 weeks to 30 mg/kg twice daily. 6 months to under 4 years: 10 mg/kg twice daily up to 25 mg/kg twice daily. 1 to under 6 months: 7 mg/kg twice daily up to 21 mg/kg twice daily.", "peds_min_weight_kg": null, "peds_max_weight_kg": null, "peds_age_min_months": null, "peds_age_max_months": null, "peds_age_bands": [ { "label": "1 to under 6 months", "age_min_months": 1, "age_max_months": 5, "dose_text": "7 mg/kg twice daily, up to 21 mg/kg twice daily" }, { "label": "6 months to under 4 years", "age_min_months": 6, "age_max_months": 47, "dose_text": "10 mg/kg twice daily, up to 25 mg/kg twice daily" }, { "label": "4 to under 16 years", "age_min_months": 48, "age_max_months": 191, "dose_text": "10 mg/kg twice daily, increased every 2 weeks to 30 mg/kg twice daily" } ], "peds_doses": null, "brands": [ { "trade_name": "KEPILEPSY 500MG 10 F.C.TAB.", "scientific_name": null, "normalized_ingredient": null, "manufacturer": "CHEMIPHARM", "price_egp": 34.0, "pack_count": 10, "unit_price": 3.4, "strength_mg": 500.0, "exact_strength": true, "exact_form": true, "discontinued": false, "also_contains": null }, { "trade_name": "LEVNOSEIZ 500 MG 30 F.C.TABS.", "scientific_name": null, "normalized_ingredient": null, "manufacturer": "GYPTO PHARMA", "price_egp": 120.0, "pack_count": 30, "unit_price": 4.0, "strength_mg": 500.0, "exact_strength": true, "exact_form": true, "discontinued": false, "also_contains": null }, { "trade_name": "TRINOVUME 500MG 10 F.C. TABS.", "scientific_name": null, "normalized_ingredient": null, "manufacturer": "SIGMA > HOCHSTER PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES", "price_egp": 40.0, "pack_count": 10, "unit_price": 4.0, "strength_mg": 500.0, "exact_strength": true, "exact_form": true, "discontinued": false, "also_contains": null }, { "trade_name": "SUNSEIZ 500 MG 30 F.C.TABS.", "scientific_name": null, "normalized_ingredient": null, "manufacturer": "SUN PHARMA EGYPT LIMITED", "price_egp": 171.0, "pack_count": 30, "unit_price": 5.7, "strength_mg": 500.0, "exact_strength": true, "exact_form": true, "discontinued": false, "also_contains": null }, { "trade_name": "LIPTITAM XR 500 MG 20 F.C.TABS.", "scientific_name": null, "normalized_ingredient": null, "manufacturer": "ORGANOPHARMA > ORGANO", "price_egp": 148.0, "pack_count": 20, "unit_price": 7.4, "strength_mg": 500.0, "exact_strength": true, "exact_form": true, "discontinued": false, "also_contains": null }, { "trade_name": "TIRATAM 500 MG 30 F.C.TABS.", "scientific_name": null, "normalized_ingredient": null, "manufacturer": "ANDALOUS PHARMA", "price_egp": 222.0, "pack_count": 30, "unit_price": 7.4, "strength_mg": 500.0, "exact_strength": true, "exact_form": true, "discontinued": false, "also_contains": null }, { "trade_name": "SPRIALYPSY 500 MG 30 ORAL DISINTEGRATING TABS.", "scientific_name": null, "normalized_ingredient": null, "manufacturer": "MASH PREMIERE > SAS PHARMA", "price_egp": 138.0, "pack_count": null, "unit_price": null, "strength_mg": 500.0, "exact_strength": true, "exact_form": true, "discontinued": false, "also_contains": null }, { "trade_name": "KEPRADIL XR 500MG 30 EXTENDED F.C. TABS.", "scientific_name": null, "normalized_ingredient": null, "manufacturer": "HIKMA PHARMA", "price_egp": 201.0, "pack_count": null, "unit_price": null, "strength_mg": 500.0, "exact_strength": true, "exact_form": true, "discontinued": false, "also_contains": null }, { "trade_name": "KEPILEPSY 10GM/100ML ORAL SOLN. 120 ML", "scientific_name": null, "normalized_ingredient": null, "manufacturer": "CHEMIPHARM", "price_egp": 48.0, "pack_count": null, "unit_price": null, "strength_mg": 10000.0, "exact_strength": false, "exact_form": false, "discontinued": false, "also_contains": null }, { "trade_name": "LEVEPEX 100MG/ML SYRUP 100ML", "scientific_name": null, "normalized_ingredient": null, "manufacturer": "APEX PHARMA", "price_egp": 50.0, "pack_count": null, "unit_price": null, "strength_mg": 100.0, "exact_strength": false, "exact_form": false, "discontinued": false, "also_contains": null } ], "condition_id": "epilepsy" }, { "id": 691, "generic": "Carbamazepine", "line": 1, "is_adjunct": false, "form": "oral.solid", "strength_mg": 200.0, "adult_dose": "Initial 100-200 mg once or twice daily, increased gradually at weekly intervals to the optimal response", "adult_duration": "Long term, specialist-directed", "dose_source": "Egyptian National Drug Formulary - Nervous System Disorders 2025, carbamazepine monograph (chapter PDF p27)", "rationale": "The formulary indicates it for partial seizures with complex symptomatology and for generalized tonic-clonic seizures.", "cautions": [ "Diagnosis and the choice of drug are the neurologist's. This entry is for continuing therapy already started, and for the questions that arise between visits.", "The formulary states it is NOT for absence seizures or myoclonic seizures - it can make both worse.", "A strong enzyme inducer: it lowers the effect of combined oral contraceptives, warfarin and many other drugs.", "Never stop an antiepileptic abruptly - withdrawal can precipitate status epilepticus." ], "peds_mgkg_low": null, "peds_mgkg_high": null, "peds_max_mg": null, "peds_basis": null, "peds_unit": null, "peds_note": "Paediatric dosing is specialist-set and is not reproduced here. The formulary's own instruction is a low starting dose with gradual increase to suit the patient.", "peds_min_weight_kg": null, "peds_max_weight_kg": null, "peds_age_min_months": null, "peds_age_max_months": null, "peds_age_bands": null, "peds_doses": null, "brands": [ { "trade_name": "CARBAMAZEPIN 200MG 10 TAB.U.S.P.33", "scientific_name": null, "normalized_ingredient": null, "manufacturer": "SEDICO", "price_egp": 3.0, "pack_count": 10, "unit_price": 0.3, "strength_mg": 200.0, "exact_strength": true, "exact_form": true, "discontinued": false, "also_contains": null }, { "trade_name": "CARBAMAZEPINE 200MG XR 10 TAB.", "scientific_name": null, "normalized_ingredient": null, "manufacturer": "SIGMA", "price_egp": 4.0, "pack_count": 10, "unit_price": 0.4, "strength_mg": 200.0, "exact_strength": true, "exact_form": true, "discontinued": false, "also_contains": null }, { "trade_name": "TONOCLONE 200MG 30 TAB.", "scientific_name": null, "normalized_ingredient": null, "manufacturer": "UP PHARMA", "price_egp": 13.5, "pack_count": 30, "unit_price": 0.45, "strength_mg": 200.0, "exact_strength": true, "exact_form": true, "discontinued": false, "also_contains": null }, { "trade_name": "CARBATOL 200 MG 20 TABS.", "scientific_name": null, "normalized_ingredient": null, "manufacturer": "AMOUN", "price_egp": 37.0, "pack_count": 20, "unit_price": 1.85, "strength_mg": 200.0, "exact_strength": true, "exact_form": true, "discontinued": false, "also_contains": null }, { "trade_name": "MAZEMAL 200 MG 20 TABS.", "scientific_name": null, "normalized_ingredient": null, "manufacturer": "UNIPHARMA", "price_egp": 52.0, "pack_count": 20, "unit_price": 2.6, "strength_mg": 200.0, "exact_strength": true, "exact_form": true, "discontinued": false, "also_contains": null }, { "trade_name": "CARBAPEX 200 MG CR 30 TABS.", "scientific_name": null, "normalized_ingredient": null, "manufacturer": "MULTI-APEX", "price_egp": 81.0, "pack_count": 30, "unit_price": 2.7, "strength_mg": 200.0, "exact_strength": true, "exact_form": true, "discontinued": false, "also_contains": null }, { "trade_name": "TEGRETOL CR 200MG 20 F.C. DIVITAB.", "scientific_name": null, "normalized_ingredient": null, "manufacturer": "NOVARTIS", "price_egp": 61.0, "pack_count": null, "unit_price": null, "strength_mg": 200.0, "exact_strength": true, "exact_form": true, "discontinued": false, "also_contains": null }, { "trade_name": "TEGRAL 200 MG 50 SCORED TABS.", "scientific_name": null, "normalized_ingredient": null, "manufacturer": "CID", "price_egp": 140.0, "pack_count": null, "unit_price": null, "strength_mg": 200.0, "exact_strength": true, "exact_form": true, "discontinued": false, "also_contains": null }, { "trade_name": "ALEXTOL 100MG/5ML ORAL SUSP. 100ML", "scientific_name": null, "normalized_ingredient": null, "manufacturer": "ALEXANDRIA", "price_egp": 7.5, "pack_count": null, "unit_price": null, "strength_mg": 100.0, "exact_strength": false, "exact_form": false, "discontinued": false, "also_contains": null }, { "trade_name": "ARBATEG 2% SUSP. 100 ML", "scientific_name": null, "normalized_ingredient": null, "manufacturer": "MEDIZEN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES", "price_egp": 35.0, "pack_count": null, "unit_price": null, "strength_mg": null, "exact_strength": false, "exact_form": false, "discontinued": false, "also_contains": null } ], "condition_id": "epilepsy" }, { "id": 692, "generic": "Lamotrigine", "line": 2, "is_adjunct": false, "form": "oral.solid", "strength_mg": 50.0, "adult_dose": "13 years and older, monotherapy: 25 mg once daily for 2 weeks, then 50 mg once daily for 2 weeks, then a usual maintenance of 100-200 mg daily. Maximum 500 mg daily", "adult_duration": "Long term, specialist-directed", "dose_source": "Egyptian National Drug Formulary - Nervous System Disorders 2025, lamotrigine monograph (chapter PDF p40)", "rationale": "The formulary gives it for partial and generalized seizures including tonic-clonic, as monotherapy from 13 years.", "cautions": [ "Diagnosis and the choice of drug are the neurologist's. This entry is for continuing therapy already started, and for the questions that arise between visits.", "The slow titration is not optional - it is what prevents Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Any new rash means stop and seek advice the same day.", "With valproate the starting dose HALVES to 12.5 mg/day (25 mg on alternate days); valproate raises lamotrigine levels.", "Never stop an antiepileptic abruptly - withdrawal can precipitate status epilepticus." ], "peds_mgkg_low": null, "peds_mgkg_high": null, "peds_max_mg": null, "peds_basis": null, "peds_unit": null, "peds_note": "Adjunctive from 2 years, monotherapy from 13, and the titration differs by what else the child is taking. Specialist-set; not reproduced here.", "peds_min_weight_kg": null, "peds_max_weight_kg": null, "peds_age_min_months": null, "peds_age_max_months": null, "peds_age_bands": null, "peds_doses": null, "brands": [ { "trade_name": "LAMOTROTIC 50 MG 30 TAB.", "scientific_name": null, "normalized_ingredient": null, "manufacturer": "ARAB DRUG COMPANY (ADCO)", "price_egp": 27.6, "pack_count": 30, "unit_price": 0.92, "strength_mg": 50.0, "exact_strength": true, "exact_form": true, "discontinued": false, "also_contains": null }, { "trade_name": "LABILENO 50MG 30 TAB.", "scientific_name": null, "normalized_ingredient": null, "manufacturer": "SEDICO", "price_egp": 31.5, "pack_count": 30, "unit_price": 1.05, "strength_mg": 50.0, "exact_strength": true, "exact_form": true, "discontinued": false, "also_contains": null }, { "trade_name": "CONTROLEPSY 50MG 30 TAB.", "scientific_name": null, "normalized_ingredient": null, "manufacturer": "GLOBAL NAPI PHARMACEUTICALS", "price_egp": 78.0, "pack_count": 30, "unit_price": 2.6, "strength_mg": 50.0, "exact_strength": true, "exact_form": true, "discontinued": false, "also_contains": null }, { "trade_name": "LAMOTRINE 50MG 30 TAB.", "scientific_name": null, "normalized_ingredient": null, "manufacturer": "MULTI-APEX", "price_egp": 78.0, "pack_count": 30, "unit_price": 2.6, "strength_mg": 50.0, "exact_strength": true, "exact_form": true, "discontinued": false, "also_contains": null }, { "trade_name": "LAMICTAL 50MG 30 TAB.", "scientific_name": null, "normalized_ingredient": null, "manufacturer": "GLAXO SMITHKLINE", "price_egp": 143.0, "pack_count": 30, "unit_price": 4.77, "strength_mg": 50.0, "exact_strength": true, "exact_form": true, "discontinued": false, "also_contains": null }, { "trade_name": "SUNLAMOTRI 50 MG 30 DISP./CHEW. TABS.", "scientific_name": null, "normalized_ingredient": null, "manufacturer": "SUN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES LTD.", "price_egp": 93.0, "pack_count": null, "unit_price": null, "strength_mg": 50.0, "exact_strength": true, "exact_form": true, "discontinued": false, "also_contains": null } ], "condition_id": "epilepsy" }, { "id": 693, "generic": "Valproic acid", "line": 3, "is_adjunct": false, "form": "oral.solid", "strength_mg": 500.0, "adult_dose": "Initial 600 mg daily (10-15 mg/kg/day), increased by 5-10 mg/kg at weekly intervals. Maintenance 1000-2000 mg daily, up to 2500 mg. Maximum 60 mg/kg/day", "adult_duration": "Long term, specialist-directed", "dose_source": "Egyptian National Drug Formulary - Nervous System Disorders 2025, valproic acid monograph (chapter PDF p83)", "rationale": "The formulary indicates it for generalized, partial and other epilepsy. It is ranked below the others here for one reason only: the formulary lists Pregnancy among its contraindications, and this is an entry read while repeating a prescription.", "cautions": [ "If the response is inadequate, measure plasma valproate level; acceptable range 50-100 mcg/ml.", "Contraindicated in pregnancy, active liver disease, and personal or family history of severe hepatic dysfunction.", "CONTRAINDICATED IN PREGNANCY (Egyptian National Drug Formulary). It causes neural tube defects and developmental disorders.", "Before prescribing to anyone who could become pregnant: check pregnancy status and ensure reliable contraception - the formulary requires both.", "In a woman of childbearing potential, levetiracetam or lamotrigine are the alternatives to discuss with the neurologist.", "Diagnosis and the choice of drug are the neurologist's. This entry is for continuing therapy already started, and for the questions that arise between visits.", "Also contraindicated in active liver disease, a family history of severe hepatic dysfunction, porphyria and urea cycle disorders.", "Children under 2 years are at higher risk of fatal hepatotoxicity.", "Never stop an antiepileptic abruptly - withdrawal can precipitate status epilepticus." ], "peds_mgkg_low": 10.0, "peds_mgkg_high": 15.0, "peds_max_mg": null, "peds_basis": "day", "peds_unit": "mg", "peds_note": "The formulary doses this PER DAY, not per dose. Initial 10-15 mg/kg/day, or 400 mg daily for a child. Maintenance 20-30 mg/kg/day. Maximum 60 mg/kg/day - the formulary gives no absolute mg ceiling for children. Any total daily dose above 250 mg must be split into 2-4 doses. Children under 2 years are at higher risk of fatal liver injury.", "peds_min_weight_kg": null, "peds_max_weight_kg": null, "peds_age_min_months": null, "peds_age_max_months": null, "peds_age_bands": null, "peds_doses": [ { "weight_kg": 10, "low_mg": 100, "high_mg": 150, "capped": false }, { "weight_kg": 20, "low_mg": 200, "high_mg": 300, "capped": false }, { "weight_kg": 30, "low_mg": 300, "high_mg": 450, "capped": false }, { "weight_kg": 40, "low_mg": 400, "high_mg": 600, "capped": false } ], "brands": [ { "trade_name": "DAVIKEN 500MG SR 30 F.C.TAB.", "scientific_name": null, "normalized_ingredient": null, "manufacturer": "AMOUN", "price_egp": 42.0, "pack_count": 30, "unit_price": 1.4, "strength_mg": 500.0, "exact_strength": true, "exact_form": true, "discontinued": false, "also_contains": null }, { "trade_name": "VALPROEX CR 500 MG 30 F.C.TABS.", "scientific_name": null, "normalized_ingredient": null, "manufacturer": "MUP", "price_egp": 48.0, "pack_count": 30, "unit_price": 1.6, "strength_mg": 500.0, "exact_strength": true, "exact_form": true, "discontinued": false, "also_contains": null }, { "trade_name": "DEPACOM 500MG 30 EXTENDED RELEASE F.C.TAB.", "scientific_name": null, "normalized_ingredient": null, "manufacturer": "CHEMIPHARM > GENESIS PHARMACEUTICALS-EGYPT", "price_egp": 36.0, "pack_count": null, "unit_price": null, "strength_mg": 500.0, "exact_strength": true, "exact_form": true, "discontinued": false, "also_contains": null }, { "trade_name": "MENTAVERS 250MG/5ML SYRUP 100ML", "scientific_name": null, "normalized_ingredient": null, "manufacturer": "SIGMA", "price_egp": 10.5, "pack_count": null, "unit_price": null, "strength_mg": 250.0, "exact_strength": false, "exact_form": false, "discontinued": false, "also_contains": null }, { "trade_name": "XOPLICT 250MG/5ML SYRUP 100ML", "scientific_name": null, "normalized_ingredient": null, "manufacturer": "MEDIZEN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES", "price_egp": 12.0, "pack_count": null, "unit_price": null, "strength_mg": 250.0, "exact_strength": false, "exact_form": false, "discontinued": false, "also_contains": null } ], "condition_id": "epilepsy" } ] }